The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy organizes scholars from around the world in philosophy and related disciplines to create and maintain an up-to-date reference work.

natural philosophy and natural science (Jon McGinnis) philosophy of language and logic (Tony Street and Nadja Germann) philosophy of mathematics (Mohammad Saleh Zarepour) philosophy of religion …

Philosophy of Immunology (Bartlomiej Swiatczak and Alfred I. Tauber) [REVISED: January 22, 2026] Changes are prior to March 21, 2026 (Main text, Bibliography) and are available in Spring 2026 Edition.

Feb 11, 2025 · Philosophy of education was a prominent aspect of the philosophy of human affairs that emerged in fourth century BCE Athens, and it has remained an integral aspect of philosophy through …

May 14, 2025 · Abortion is the intentional termination of a pregnancy, either via surgery or via the taking of medication. Ordinary people disagree about abortion: many people think abortion is deeply morally …

Sep 10, 2007 · 1. The Word ‘Metaphysics’ and the Concept of Metaphysics The word ‘metaphysics’ is notoriously hard to define. Twentieth-century coinages like ‘meta-language’ and ‘metaphilosophy’ …

May 20, 2010 · Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) is the central figure in modern philosophy. He synthesized early modern rationalism and empiricism, set the terms for much of nineteenth and twentieth century …

Apr 10, 2008 · Definitions have interested philosophers since ancient times. Plato’s early dialogues portray Socrates raising questions about definitions (e.g., in the Euthyphro, “What is …

Feb 23, 2004 · Kant’s most influential positions in moral philosophy are found in The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (hereafter, “ Groundwork ”), but he developed, enriched, and in some cases …

John Dewey (1859–1952) was an American philosopher, associated with pragmatism. His immense philosophical and other written output encompasses most areas of philosophy as well as a host of …