Mathematicians use the logarithm to express the inverse function of exponentiation. That is, the logarithm of a given number p is the exponent to which another fixed number, the base b, must be raised ...

The subject of fractional calculus and its applications (that is, convolution-type pseudo-differential operators including integrals and derivatives of any arbitrary real or complex order) has gained ...

Abstract: We introduce a method for proving almost sure termination in the context of lambda calculus with continuous random sampling and explicit recursion, based on ranking supermartingales. This ...

AP students in 2025 report high satisfaction with calculus & U.S. government courses — and low satisfaction with Italian language and culture. Student participation in AP courses grew 7% from 2024 to ...

In an immune response resting T cells are activated when surface receptors are engaged by ligands on an antigen presenting cell (APC). These ligands include the cognate antigen for the T cell receptor ...

Students come to Bethel with a variety of backgrounds and histories in math that may have included previous work in algebra, precalculus, or calculus. Success in Bethel’s Precalculus and Calculus 1 ...

The original version of this story appeared in Quanta Magazine. Calculus is a powerful mathematical tool. But for hundreds of years after its invention in the 17th century, it stood on a shaky ...

- be able to analyze the convergence of sequences and series - be familiar with the series expansions and approximations of elementary functions - master the most important properties, calculation ...

Abstract: This paper proposes two methods for computing fractional-order calculus in discrete time. While previous research has presented a calculation method for discrete-time differences using ...

Can you chip in? This year we’ve reached an extraordinary milestone: 1 trillion web pages preserved on the Wayback Machine. This makes us the largest public repository of internet history ever ...

In the late 19th century, Karl Weierstrass invented a fractal-like function that was decried as nothing less than a “deplorable evil.” In time, it would transform the foundations of mathematics.