The stochastic nature of renewable energy sources (RESs) necessitates treating power system frequency response as a random process with a nonstationary probability density function (PDF). Based upon ...
In this paper, we consider the function f p ( t )= 2p X 2 ( 2p t+p;p ) , where χ²(x; n) defined by X 2 ( x;p )= 2 −p/2 Γ( p/2 ) e −x/2 x p/2−1 , is the density function of a χ²-distribution with n ...
Abstract: Closed-form expressions for the probability density function (PDF) of logarithmic likelihood ratios (LLR) in rectangular quadrature amplitude modulations are derived. Taking advantage of ...
A new paper in JAMA Network Open determines whether type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases the risk of fractures in older women. Diabetes affects over 500 million individuals worldwide, and its ...
What Is A Probability Density Function? A probability density function, also known as a bell curve, is a fundamental statistics concept, that describes the likelihood of a continuous random variable ...
The S&P 500 is commonly viewed as a benchmark for the entire U.S. stock market, and the index returned 10.1% annually over the last three decades. Historically, the S&P 500 has increased in nine out ...
where μ is the mean and σ the standard deviation. The square of the standard deviation,σ^2 , is called the variance. The function has its peak at the mean, and its “spread” increases with the standard ...