Flow reversal in piping systems can degrade equipment performance and cause significant water hammer, potentially resulting in catastrophic failure. Power plant condenser cooling water systems—or ...

Flow is controlled by either throttling or diverting it. Throttling involves reducing orifice size until all of the flow cannot pass through the orifice; bypassing involves routing part of the flow ...

Unique design concepts sometimes require com-ponents to operate in nonstandard conditions. One example would be using balancing valves to regulate flow through multiple banks of solar collectors in a ...