Extreme heat, droughts, storms and deadly floods challenged resilience not only in Australia, but across the globe.

The year 2025 was the warmest on record for the heat content of the world’s oceans. Ocean heat content (OHC) increased by around 500 zettajoules – billion trillion joules – since the 1940s.

Average temperatures across the world’s oceans reached an all-time high in 2024, according to a multi-team study published Jan. 10. The temperatures surpassed even those of 2023, which themselves ...