It has been argued that survival bias may distort results in Mendelian randomization studies in older populations. Through simulations of a simple causal structure we investigate the degree to which ...

Serum C-reactive protein (CRP), an important inflammatory marker, has been associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in observational studies; however, the findings are inconsistent. It ...

Traditional epidemiological studies have identified numerous potential risk factors, but observational studies have struggled to establish causal links due to confounding factors and reverse causation ...