Superficial urothelial (umbrella) cells have one or multiple nuclei with finely granular chromatin and conspicuous nucleoli, abundant cytoplasm, and low N/C ratios (a and b). For bladder washing ...
Cystoscopy and cytology remain the standard for diagnosis, but a plethora of urinary biomarkers could someday be a useful adjunct to NMIBC surveillance. Urine cytology, however, also has several known ...
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