The circuits presented here use ananalog switch—such as a DG419or one-third of a CD4053—to combinean analog signal with a standard PWMsignal. Most microcontrollers can easilygenerate the PWM signal.

When designing bass reflex loudspeaker cabinets, it is necessary to measure the resonance of the speaker to an accuracy of about 1%. To do this, you need an audio oscillator and a frequency counter.

Microwave frequency generation has posed significant challenges to engineers over the years, requiring in-depth knowledge of analog, digital, and radio frequency (RF) and microwave ...